{"id":1830,"date":"2020-07-02T17:02:09","date_gmt":"2020-07-02T17:02:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/?p=1830"},"modified":"2023-03-15T10:52:30","modified_gmt":"2023-03-15T10:52:30","slug":"habiter-sur-leau-dans-les-marais-de-mesopotamie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/habiter-sur-leau-dans-les-marais-de-mesopotamie\/","title":{"rendered":"Habiter sur l&rsquo;eau dans les marais de M\u00e9sopotamie"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\">\u00c0 la confluence du Tigre et de l&rsquo;Euphrate, il reste les vestiges d&rsquo;une civilisation aquatique unique dans l\u2019un des plus grands deltas int\u00e9rieurs du monde. Connu sous le nom de Jardins d&rsquo;Eden iraquien ou de Venise de M\u00e9sopotamie, ce rare environnement mar\u00e9cageux, existe en plein milieu du d\u00e9sert. Ce territoire mouvant s&rsquo;\u00e9tire ou se r\u00e9duit au gr\u00e9 de l&rsquo;humeur des deux fleuves qui lui donnent vie&nbsp;: le Tigre et l&rsquo;Euphrate. On lui pr\u00eate une grande signification religieuse; on pense qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit du site du Jardin d&rsquo;Eden biblique, mentionn\u00e9 dans la Bible et le Coran, du site du Grand D\u00e9luge et du lieu de naissance d&rsquo;Abraham. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"563\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Esme-Allen3-1024x563.jpeg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1811\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Esme-Allen3.jpeg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/cartographie\/iles-flottantes-al-tahla-irak\/esme-allen3\/\" class=\"wp-image-1811\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Esme-Allen3-1024x563.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Esme-Allen3-300x165.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Esme-Allen3-768x422.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Esme-Allen3-1536x845.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Esme-Allen3-2048x1126.jpeg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les Ma\u2019dan<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Les marais de M\u00e9sopotamie sont un oasis au milieu du d\u00e9sert.\nSitu\u00e9s dans le sud de l&rsquo;Irak, le sud-ouest de l&rsquo;Iran et le Kowe\u00eft, au confluent\ndu Tigre et de l&rsquo;Euphrate, une population de pr\u00e8s de 20 000 Ma&rsquo;dan vit dans des\nvillages insulaires flottants. Autrefois ils \u00e9taient presque 100 000 \u00e0 y\nhabiter. Cet ancien syst\u00e8me de construction et d&rsquo;architecture insulaire a\npermis \u00e0 une civilisation de s&rsquo;\u00e9panouir dans un environnement hostile tout en\nmaintenant un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me de zone humide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les Arabes des marais semi-nomades appel\u00e9s \u00ab\u00a0Adan\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0Ma&rsquo;dan\u00a0\u00bb, qui signifie \u00ab\u00a0habitant des plaines\u00a0\u00bb, ont continuellement habit\u00e9 cette terre depuis pr\u00e8s de six mille ans. Jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 ces derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies, les marais constituaient le plus grand \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me de zone humide continuellement habit\u00e9 du Moyen-Orient. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L&rsquo;\u00e9conomie et le mode de vie des Ma&rsquo;dan sont rest\u00e9s similaires aux anciennes pratiques de leurs anc\u00eatres sum\u00e9riens. Ils ont ainsi su p\u00e9renniser un habitat et un mode de vie dans des conditions variables et ont su d\u00e9velopper une technique ancestrale permettant la vie aquatique. &nbsp;Malheureusement cette culture unique qui a travers\u00e9 plus de cinq mill\u00e9\u00adnaires risque de se perdre. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"680\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Carolyn-Drake6-1024x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1833\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Carolyn-Drake6.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/cartographie\/iles-flottantes-al-tahla-irak\/carolyn-drake6\/\" class=\"wp-image-1833\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Carolyn-Drake6-1024x680.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Carolyn-Drake6-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Carolyn-Drake6-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Carolyn-Drake6-1536x1019.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Carolyn-Drake6.jpg 2034w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"681\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Matthew-Allison6-1024x681.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1818\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Matthew-Allison6.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/cartographie\/iles-flottantes-al-tahla-irak\/matthew-allison6\/\" class=\"wp-image-1818\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Matthew-Allison6-1024x681.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Matthew-Allison6-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Matthew-Allison6-768x511.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Matthew-Allison6-1536x1021.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Matthew-Allison6.jpg 1994w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le paradis perdu<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Aujourd&rsquo;hui, les Ma&rsquo;dan et leurs anciennes techniques de\nconstruction ont pratiquement disparu, alors que les troubles politiques et\nl&rsquo;ins\u00e9curit\u00e9 impactent la r\u00e9gion du Moyen-Orient. Ce labyrinthe de roseaux, imprenable et\nsecret, dont la superficie oscille entre 15 000 et plus de 40 000 kilom\u00e8tres\ncarr\u00e9s, a accueilli tous ceux qui fuyaient l&rsquo;oppression depuis l&rsquo;\u00e9poque\nbabylonienne et jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 la guerre entre l&rsquo;Iran et l&rsquo;Irak (1980-1988).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pour expulser les musulmans chiites de la r\u00e9gion et punir\nles soul\u00e8vements de 1991 en Irak, Saddam Hussein a drain\u00e9 presque enti\u00e8rement les\nmarais. Il entre\u00adpris de\nd\u00e9truire les mar\u00e9\u00adcages, en mettant \u00e0 ex\u00e9cu\u00adtion&nbsp;un plan \u00e9labor\u00e9 par les\nBritan\u00adniques dans les ann\u00e9es 1950&nbsp;qui visait \u00e0 les&nbsp;conver\u00adtir&nbsp;en\nterres&nbsp;agri\u00adcoles. Il construi\u00adsit des barrages et des digues pour rete\u00adnir&nbsp;l\u2019eau\nqui les alimen\u00adtait,&nbsp;et il creusa de grands canaux&nbsp;\u2013 la rivi\u00e8re Pros\u00adp\u00e9\u00adrit\u00e9,\nle canal de la M\u00e8re de toutes les batailles&nbsp;et&nbsp;le chenal de la\nLoyaut\u00e9 au Chef supr\u00eame&nbsp;\u2013 pour les drai\u00adner. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Des dizaines de milliers d&rsquo;habitants ont \u00e9t\u00e9 contraints de\nquitter leurs maisons, abandonnant leur mode de vie traditionnel pour d&rsquo;autres\nvilles et camps en Irak ou en Iran. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aujourd&rsquo;hui, moins de dix mille Ma&rsquo;dan sont revenus, et les\nconditions de vie sont aggrav\u00e9es par le manque d&rsquo;eau potable, d&rsquo;installations\nsanitaires, de soins de sant\u00e9 et d&rsquo;\u00e9ducation. De nombreux Ma&rsquo;dan, en\nparticulier les jeunes, ne retourneront jamais dans les marais. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Drainer ces marais&nbsp;: une catastrophe \u00e9cologique<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Moins d\u2019un dixi\u00e8me des marais surv\u00e9\u00adcurent \u00e0 cette destruction massive et planifi\u00e9e. L&rsquo;ass\u00e8chement des marais a entra\u00een\u00e9 la disparition de la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation tol\u00e9rante au sel et des eaux riches en plancton qui fertilisaient les sols environnants, ainsi que la perte d\u2019esp\u00e8ces indig\u00e8nes. Nombre de ces esp\u00e8ces ne reviendront plus jamais dans cette r\u00e9gion. Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;une catastrophe \u00e9cologique majeure. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"720\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Martin-Fletcher.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1906\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Martin-Fletcher.jpg 720w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Martin-Fletcher-300x188.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>\u00abV\u00e9ritable nurserie de poissons et crustac\u00e9s, \u00e9tape pour des millions d&rsquo;oiseaux migrateurs sur leur trajet entre la Sib\u00e9rie et l&rsquo;Afrique, ces marais ont un r\u00f4le essentiel dans l&rsquo;\u00e9cosyst\u00e8me de la r\u00e9gion. Leur disparition a eu un impact terrible, d&rsquo;autant plus que la salinit\u00e9 des eaux a consid\u00e9rablement augment\u00e9\u00bb <\/em><\/p><cite>Ulrich Eichelmann, directeur de l&rsquo;ONG allemande River Watch, auteur du documentaire Climate Crimes et sp\u00e9cialiste de la r\u00e9gion.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>La d\u00e9cimation de ces zones humides critiques sur le plan \u00e9cologique, connues pour leur biodiversit\u00e9 et leur patrimoine culturel vivant, a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9crite en 2001 comme \u00ab\u00a0l&rsquo;une des plus grandes catastrophes environnementales du monde\u00a0\u00bb par le rapport du Programme des Nations Unies pour l&rsquo;environnement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"679\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jassim-al-Asadi-1024x679.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1814\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/cartographie\/iles-flottantes-al-tahla-irak\/jassim-al-asadi\/\" class=\"wp-image-1814\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jassim-al-Asadi-1024x679.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jassim-al-Asadi-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jassim-al-Asadi-768x509.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jassim-al-Asadi-1536x1018.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jassim-al-Asadi-2048x1357.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Unknown.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1907\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Unknown.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/?attachment_id=1907\" class=\"wp-image-1907\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Unknown.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Unknown-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Unknown-768x576.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans ce qu\u2019il reste des marais, on trouve&nbsp;peu de signes de la vie sauvage qui \u00e9tait autrefois si abon\u00addante et seulement quelques villages subsistent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Construire des \u00eeles flottantes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Les villages flottants des Ma&rsquo;dan, ou al-tahla, sont compos\u00e9s de dizaines d&rsquo;\u00eeles artificielles, construites par l\u2019homme, appel\u00e9es al halif, ainsi que d&rsquo;\u00eeles naturelles flottantes, appel\u00e9es tuhul. Sur ces \u00eeles, les Ma&rsquo;dan sont capables de construire des maisons flottantes \u00e9labor\u00e9es sans clous, ni bois ou mortier&nbsp;; elles sont enti\u00e8rement faites de roseaux r\u00e9colt\u00e9s localement directement dans les marais alentours. Cette herbe de 8 m\u00e8tres de haut, ressemblant \u00e0 du bambou, est au centre de la culture des Ma&rsquo;dan. En plus de servir \u00e0 la construction des \u00eeles artificielles et des maisons le qasab fournit du fourrage pour les troupeaux de buffles d&rsquo;eau, de la farine pour le pain et permet aux Ma\u2019dan de se d\u00e9placer, en l\u2019utilisant comme mat\u00e9riau de construction pour leur cano\u00ebs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-4 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"630\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Esme-Allen-e1593603519579-1024x630.jpeg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1809\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Esme-Allen-e1593603519579.jpeg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/cartographie\/iles-flottantes-al-tahla-irak\/esme-allen\/\" class=\"wp-image-1809\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Esme-Allen-e1593603519579-1024x630.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Esme-Allen-e1593603519579-300x185.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Esme-Allen-e1593603519579-768x473.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Esme-Allen-e1593603519579.jpeg 1230w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Les \u00eeles flottantes se trouvent \u00e0 l\u2019endroit o\u00f9 les ruisseaux des marais se rejoignent pour former de petits lacs. La construction des \u00eeles suit un calendrier saisonnier en trois \u00e9tapes&nbsp;: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La construction commence \u00e0 l&rsquo;automne, lorsque le niveau de l&rsquo;eau est le plus bas. La premi\u00e8re \u00e9tape consiste \u00e0 entourer une bande de roseaux vivants d&rsquo;une cl\u00f4ture de roseaux s\u00e9ch\u00e9s d&rsquo;un m\u00e8tre de haut. Cette cl\u00f4ture de roseaux vivants tr\u00e8s serr\u00e9s sert de fondation \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00eele. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La deuxi\u00e8me \u00e9tape de la construction est constitu\u00e9e d\u2019un processus de stratification o\u00f9 des couches altern\u00e9es de roseaux s\u00e9ch\u00e9s et de boue dragu\u00e9e du fond du marais servent \u00e0 construire le plancher de la maison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-5 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"18780\" height=\"16575\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Montage-sche\u0301ma-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1932\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/?attachment_id=1932\" class=\"wp-image-1932\"\/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption\"> \u00a9 Lo-TEK Design by Radical Indigenism by Julia Watson <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">B\u00e2tir une maison flottante<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>La derni\u00e8re \u00e9tape, lorsque l\u2019\u00eele est finalement consolid\u00e9e, consiste \u00e0 utiliser les roseaux pour construire l\u2019architecture du b\u00e2timent. Le qasab s\u00e9ch\u00e9 est \u00e0 la fois assez solides pour servir de colonnes ou de poutres et assez souple pour \u00eatre tiss\u00e9s en nattes pour fabriquer les murs, les toits et les sols. Un tressage particulier de ce roseau permet aussi de cr\u00e9er des cordes reliant les \u00e9l\u00e9ments structurants du b\u00e2timent ensemble. Ces \u00eeles servent finalement de base sur laquelle sont construites des structures comprenant des centres religieux et communautaires, appel\u00e9s mudhif, des granges ainsi que des habitations plus ou moins grandes, m\u00eame si la plupart des maisons font g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement deux m\u00e8tres de large, six m\u00e8tres de long et trois m\u00e8tres de haut. Chacun de ces b\u00e2timents a une structure et une forme particuli\u00e8re permettant de conna\u00eetre son statut et son usage. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-6 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"680\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Esme-Allen2-680x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1810\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Esme-Allen2.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/cartographie\/iles-flottantes-al-tahla-irak\/esme-allen2\/\" class=\"wp-image-1810\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Esme-Allen2-680x1024.jpg 680w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Esme-Allen2-199x300.jpg 199w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Esme-Allen2-768x1156.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Esme-Allen2.jpg 797w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jassim-al-Asadi6-1024x768.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1816\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jassim-al-Asadi6-scaled.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/cartographie\/iles-flottantes-al-tahla-irak\/jassim-al-asadi6\/\" class=\"wp-image-1816\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jassim-al-Asadi6-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jassim-al-Asadi6-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jassim-al-Asadi6-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jassim-al-Asadi6-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jassim-al-Asadi6-2048x1536.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Prendre soin de son habitat<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Avec des soins et des r\u00e9parations appropri\u00e9s, les maisons en roseaux peuvent durer jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 vingt-cinq ans. L&rsquo;\u00e9rosion des bords de l&rsquo;\u00eele et l&rsquo;enfoncement des fondations se produisent au fil du temps mais avec beaucoup d&rsquo;entretien pour renforcer la structure, certaines \u00eeles peuvent perdurer tr\u00e8s longtemps. Cette architecture \u00ab\u00a0vivante\u00a0\u00bb est pens\u00e9e comme \u00e9ph\u00e9m\u00e8re et fragile dont on doit continuellement prendre soin. Ces \u00eeles et ces architectures sont tr\u00e8s r\u00e9guli\u00e8rement entretenues, reconstruites. Ainsi, le rapport des Ma\u2019dan \u00e0 leur lieu de vie reste \u00e0 l&rsquo;\u00e9coute des changements et en constante \u00e9volution (en comparaison \u00e0 nos constructions occidentales que l&rsquo;on con\u00e7oit et construit pour rester fig\u00e9es et durer).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-3 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-7 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"772\" height=\"966\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Nik-Wheeler2.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1841\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/cartographie\/iles-flottantes-al-tahla-irak\/nik-wheeler2\/\" class=\"wp-image-1841\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Nik-Wheeler2.jpg 772w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Nik-Wheeler2-240x300.jpg 240w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Nik-Wheeler2-768x961.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 772px) 100vw, 772px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"680\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-1024x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1839\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/cartographie\/iles-flottantes-al-tahla-irak\/ikhlas-abbis\/\" class=\"wp-image-1839\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-1024x680.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-1536x1019.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis.jpg 1790w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jasim-Al-Asady-1024x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1928\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jasim-Al-Asady-scaled.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/?attachment_id=1928\" class=\"wp-image-1928\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jasim-Al-Asady-1024x1024.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jasim-Al-Asady-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jasim-Al-Asady-230x230.jpg 230w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jasim-Al-Asady-768x768.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jasim-Al-Asady-1536x1536.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Jasim-Al-Asady-2048x2048.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Un mat\u00e9riau unique et polyvalent<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Le roseau qasab n\u2019est pas seulement utilis\u00e9 comme mat\u00e9riau mais les Ma\u2019dan ont sur en tirer profit au maximum, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9grer comme \u00e9l\u00e9ment principal de leur culture. C\u2019est une esp\u00e8ce cl\u00e9 ancr\u00e9e dans toutes les facettes de la vie quotidienne. De la construction insulaire \u00e0 l&rsquo;architecture et en tant que mat\u00e9riau indig\u00e8ne le plus abondant disponible dans les marais, il est appliqu\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re innovante dans une multitude de mani\u00e8res \u00e0 la vie quotidienne et pouss\u00e9 jusqu&rsquo;\u00e0 ses limites structurelles et \u00e9cologiques. Non seulement les Ma&rsquo;dan ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 une forme de maison sophistiqu\u00e9e en utilisant un seul mat\u00e9riau de construction, mais ils ont \u00e9galement cr\u00e9\u00e9 le terrain m\u00eame sur lequel se dressent leurs maisons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>L&rsquo;infrastructure indig\u00e8ne de construction des \u00eeles\nd\u00e9velopp\u00e9e par les Ma&rsquo;dan est particuli\u00e8rement vivante et organique,\nincorporant des mat\u00e9riaux v\u00e9g\u00e9taux vivants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-3 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-8 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Stephen-Foote-2.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1842\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Stephen-Foote-2.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/cartographie\/iles-flottantes-al-tahla-irak\/stephen-foote-2\/\" class=\"wp-image-1842\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Stephen-Foote-2.jpg 683w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Stephen-Foote-2-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"684\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-3-1024x684.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1836\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-3.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/cartographie\/iles-flottantes-al-tahla-irak\/ikhlas-abbis-3\/\" class=\"wp-image-1836\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-3-1024x684.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-3-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-3-768x513.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-3-1536x1026.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-3.jpg 1790w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"683\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-7-683x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1929\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-7.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/?attachment_id=1929\" class=\"wp-image-1929\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-7-683x1024.jpg 683w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-7-200x300.jpg 200w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-7-768x1152.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Ikhlas-Abbis-7.jpg 876w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"577\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Agata-Skowronek-1024x577.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1831\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Agata-Skowronek.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/cartographie\/iles-flottantes-al-tahla-irak\/agata-skowronek\/\" class=\"wp-image-1831\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Agata-Skowronek-1024x577.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Agata-Skowronek-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Agata-Skowronek-768x433.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Agata-Skowronek.jpg 1402w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Une lueur d\u2019espoir pour l\u2019avenir<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>En juillet 2016, les marais ont \u00e9t\u00e9 inscrits sur la liste du patrimoine mondial de l&rsquo;UNESCO, ce qui permet d&rsquo;esp\u00e9rer que l&rsquo;\u00e9cologie et la culture des Ma&rsquo;dan puissent \u00e0 nouveau s&rsquo;\u00e9panouir et \u00eatre pr\u00e9serv\u00e9e. Le minist\u00e8re irakien des ressources en eau a adopt\u00e9 un plan directeur pour la construction de retenues d\u2019eau pour contenir l&rsquo;eau en hiver et la lib\u00e9rer au printemps, cr\u00e9ant ainsi une crue artificielle. L&rsquo;approvisionnement en eau ne suffira pas \u00e0 restaurer les marais mais avec des accords de partage de l&rsquo;eau pertinents entre les pays et des plans de gestion avanc\u00e9s pour l&rsquo;utilisation de l&rsquo;eau en amont et dans les marais, un autre avenir pourrait \u00eatre possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La r\u00e9cente situation des Ma&rsquo;dan est embl\u00e9matique de la fragilit\u00e9 de nos \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes aquatiques. Si ces infrastructures sont par essence r\u00e9sistantes, sensibles et adaptables aux variations, solidement durables et tr\u00e8s sophistiqu\u00e9es, elles d\u00e9pendent d&rsquo;un \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me aquatique complexe.  L\u2019ass\u00e9chement des marais ces derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies par le gouvernement irakien remet en cause toute la culture de ce peuple m\u00eame si les efforts de restauration de cet \u00e9cosyst\u00e8me ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es portent lentement leurs fruits. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-9 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"677\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Emilienne-Malfatto-1024x677.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1807\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Emilienne-Malfatto.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/cartographie\/iles-flottantes-al-tahla-irak\/emilienne-malfatto\/\" class=\"wp-image-1807\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Emilienne-Malfatto-1024x677.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Emilienne-Malfatto-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Emilienne-Malfatto-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Emilienne-Malfatto-1536x1016.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Emilienne-Malfatto-2048x1355.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Les marais et la culture des Ma&rsquo;dan offrent un exemple vivant de la mani\u00e8re dont les futures civilisations bas\u00e9es sur l&rsquo;eau pourront vivre en symbiose avec leur environnement. Compte tenu des pr\u00e9visions d&rsquo;\u00e9l\u00e9vation du niveau de la mer, de temp\u00eates r\u00e9currentes et d&rsquo;autres effets du changement climatique, ces innovations indig\u00e8nes en mati\u00e8re d&rsquo;insularisation permettent d&rsquo;orienter les civilisations aquatiques vers de nouvelles fa\u00e7on de concevoir l&rsquo;habitat en symbiose avec un environnement en \u00e9volution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pour en savoir plus&nbsp;:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Le magnifique livre <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/\u2022https:\/\/www.taschen.com\/pages\/fr\/catalogue\/architecture\/all\/04698\/facts.julia_watson_lotek_design_by_radical_indigenism.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Lo<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.taschen.com\/pages\/fr\/catalogue\/architecture\/all\/04698\/facts.julia_watson_lotek_design_by_radical_indigenism.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"- (s\u2019ouvre dans un nouvel onglet)\">&#8211;<\/a><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/\u2022https:\/\/www.taschen.com\/pages\/fr\/catalogue\/architecture\/all\/04698\/facts.julia_watson_lotek_design_by_radical_indigenism.htm\" target=\"_blank\">TEK<\/a> de la paysagiste Julia Watson<\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geo.fr\/environnement\/en-irak-les-marais-misent-sur-lecotourisme-pour-redevenir-jardin-deden-195773\" target=\"_blank\">Ici un article de la revue GEO<\/a><\/li><li><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hakaimagazine.com\/features\/damming-eden\/\" target=\"_blank\">Et l\u00e0 un article de la revue Hakai Magazine, Coastal science and societies<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c0 la confluence du Tigre et de l&rsquo;Euphrate, les Mad\u2019an vivent dans des villages insulaires flottants depuis des mill\u00e9naires. Aujourd\u2019hui leur existence est menac\u00e9e et la vie des marais de M\u00e9sopotamie aussi. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":1811,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1830","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Habiter sur l&#039;eau dans les marais de M\u00e9sopotamie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/habiter-sur-leau-dans-les-marais-de-mesopotamie\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Habiter sur l&#039;eau dans les marais de M\u00e9sopotamie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u00c0 la confluence du Tigre et de l&#039;Euphrate, les Mad\u2019an vivent dans des villages insulaires flottants depuis des mill\u00e9naires. Aujourd\u2019hui leur existence est menac\u00e9e et la vie des marais de M\u00e9sopotamie aussi.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/habiter-sur-leau-dans-les-marais-de-mesopotamie\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Atelier Klima\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-07-02T17:02:09+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-03-15T10:52:30+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/\u00a9Esme-Allen3-1024x563.jpeg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"563\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Alicia Juge\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@Klima_ONG\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" 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