{"id":1695,"date":"2020-05-13T15:29:04","date_gmt":"2020-05-13T15:29:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/?p=1695"},"modified":"2023-03-15T10:52:33","modified_gmt":"2023-03-15T10:52:33","slug":"la-communaute-des-tofinu-et-le-systeme-des-acadja","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/la-communaute-des-tofinu-et-le-systeme-des-acadja\/","title":{"rendered":"La communaut\u00e9 des Tofinu et le syst\u00e8me des acadja"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>La communaut\u00e9 des Tofinu et le syst\u00e8me des acadja<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Autour du lac Nokou\u00e9, au sud du B\u00e9nin, la tribu des Tofinu vit sur l\u2019eau depuis plus de quatre si\u00e8cles. Cette communaut\u00e9 a su d\u00e9velopper un mode de vie en symbiose avec son milieu, en construisant des habitats flottants qui s\u2019adaptent aux variations de l\u2019eau, mais \u00e9galement en cr\u00e9ant un syst\u00e8me d\u2019aquaculture autonome, les \u00ab&nbsp;acadja&nbsp;\u00bb. Ce peuple, par son adaptation aux al\u00e9as climatiques et son adaptation symbiotique \u00e0 son milieu, peut \u00eatre per\u00e7u comme un exemple de r\u00e9silience, surtout lorsque l\u2019on sait qu\u2019au cours des trente derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, 50% des for\u00eats de mangroves c\u00f4ti\u00e8res ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9truites par la construction de fermes aquacoles. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"687\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix4-1024x687.jpg\" alt=\"\u00a9Roberte Audoueineix\" class=\"wp-image-1713\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix4-1024x687.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix4-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix4-768x516.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix4-1536x1031.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix4.jpg 1734w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Une communaut\u00e9 mythique<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Les Tofinu, appel\u00e9s\n\u00ab&nbsp;hommes de l\u2019eau&nbsp;\u00bb, sont venus s\u2019installer autour du lac Nokou\u00e9,\nfuyant les razzias esclavagistes. La l\u00e9gende raconte que l\u2019oracle aurait dit\naux premiers r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s qu\u2019ils ne trouveraient pas la paix tant qu\u2019ils ne\nvivraient pas sur l\u2019eau. Leur chef, le roi Agbogdob\u00e9, leur aurait alors montr\u00e9\nle chemin en prenant la forme d&rsquo;une grande aigrette pour s&rsquo;envoler au-dessus\ndes eaux sacr\u00e9es du lac et chercher un endroit o\u00f9 installer son royaume. Apr\u00e8s\nquoi, il se serait transform\u00e9 en crocodile pour transporter son peuple sur son\ndos jusqu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019endroit qu\u2019il avait choisi. C\u2019est ainsi que serait n\u00e9e Ganvi\u00e9, la\nville lacustre la plus importante du lac, aujourd&rsquo;hui baptis\u00e9e la \u00ab\u00a0Venise\nde l&rsquo;Afrique\u00a0\u00bb, o\u00f9 le crocodile est devenu un animal sacr\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"694\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix2-1024x694.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1714\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/?attachment_id=1714\" class=\"wp-image-1714\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix2-1024x694.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix2-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix2-768x520.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix2-1536x1041.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix2.jpg 1578w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption\">\u00a9Roberte Audoueineix<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Les origines de l\u2019acadja <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u00c0 la suite de la cr\u00e9ation du chenal de\nCotonou en 1885, le lac Nokou\u00e9 est devenu sal\u00e9 par communication avec la mer.\nCela a favoris\u00e9 la prolif\u00e9ration des pal\u00e9tuviers et la formation de la\nmangrove. Les conditions \u00e9co-biologiques de cette mangrove auraient ainsi permis\nle d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019une esp\u00e8ce de poisson appel\u00e9e Tilapia. Un p\u00eacheur du nom de\nWinsou venant du village S\u00ea-Tchanhou\u00e9, ayant observ\u00e9 ce ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne, aurait alors\neu l&rsquo;id\u00e9e de planter des branches de pal\u00e9tuviers dans l&rsquo;eau pour cr\u00e9er une\nsorte de mangrove artificielle en plein lac, favorisant la pr\u00e9sence de\npoissons. C\u2019est ainsi que la technique acadja serait n\u00e9e, elle a ensuite \u00e9t\u00e9\nperfectionn\u00e9 au fur et \u00e0 mesure des ann\u00e9es jusqu\u2019\u00e0 aujourd\u2019hui.&nbsp; <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"364\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK-1-1024x364.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1718\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK-1-1024x364.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK-1-300x107.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK-1-768x273.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK-1-1536x547.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK-1-2048x729.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Une communaut\u00e9 vivant sur l\u2019eau<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le lac Nokou\u00e9,\nsitu\u00e9 au sud du B\u00e9nin, couvre une superficie d\u2019environ 160 km<sup>2<\/sup> en\np\u00e9riode de hautes eaux et s\u2019\u00e9tend parall\u00e8lement \u00e0 la c\u00f4te atlantique dont il\nest s\u00e9par\u00e9 par un cordon de sable brun. Le milieu saum\u00e2tre de ce lac est\ncaract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par des interactions continentales et marines dues \u00e0 des apports\nsaisonniers d\u2019eau douce et d\u2019eau sal\u00e9e. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce lac\nconstitue le bassin de vie \u00ab&nbsp;des hommes de l\u2019eau&nbsp;\u00bb depuis plusieurs\ncentaines d\u2019ann\u00e9es. Les Tofinu ont su y d\u00e9velopper une civilisation de l\u2019eau\nconstruisant des cit\u00e9s lacustres autour du lac et vivant des richesses que leur\noffrait ce milieu. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ganvi\u00e9, qui\nsignifie \u00ab\u00a0nous avons surv\u00e9cu\u00a0\u00bb, est une ville lacustre, presque\n\u00ab&nbsp;aquatique&nbsp;\u00bb faite de maisons construites en bambou et en teck, et\npouvant accueillir plusieurs familles de p\u00eacheurs. Cette architecture\nvernaculaire de maisons l\u00e9g\u00e8res construites sur pilotis, au milieu de l\u2019eau,\npermet ainsi aux habitants de s\u2019adapter aux variations du niveau de l\u2019eau. Traditionnellement,\nles cases ont une ossature constitu\u00e9e de pieux en bois sur lesquels viennent se\nfixer des branchages tress\u00e9s ou des bambous&nbsp;; elles sont surmont\u00e9es d\u2019un toit\nde chaume. Aujourd\u2019hui, ce type d\u2019habitat dispara\u00eet peu \u00e0 peu, laissant\nprogressivement la place \u00e0 des constructions plus h\u00e9t\u00e9roclites, aux toitures en\nt\u00f4le et aux murs en ciment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La ville de\nGanvi\u00e9 est un ensemble de onze villages organis\u00e9s autour de canaux sur lesquels\nles habitants naviguent en pirogues. Cette ville flottante comprend un bureau\nde poste, une banque, un h\u00f4pital, une \u00e9cole, une \u00e9glise, une mosqu\u00e9e, un march\u00e9\nflottant, une place royale et quelques h\u00f4tels, bars et restaurants. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-2 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix5-1-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1723\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix5-1.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/?attachment_id=1723\" class=\"wp-image-1723\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix5-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix5-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix5-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix5-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix5-1.jpg 1671w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"700\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix-2-1024x700.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1721\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/?attachment_id=1721\" class=\"wp-image-1721\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix-2-1024x700.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix-2-300x205.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix-2-768x525.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix-2.jpg 1476w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"697\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix3-1-1024x697.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1719\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/?attachment_id=1719\" class=\"wp-image-1719\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix3-1-1024x697.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix3-1-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix3-1-768x522.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix3-1-1536x1045.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Roberte-Audoueineix3-1.jpg 1617w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption\">\u00a9Roberte Audoueineix<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Le mod\u00e8le des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes indig\u00e8nes<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le mode de vie\nde cette communaut\u00e9 et leurs moyens de subsistance sont \u00e9troitement reli\u00e9s \u00e0\nleur environnement. En effet, depuis 400 ans, les Tofinu ont su cr\u00e9er un syst\u00e8me\nd\u2019aquaculture enti\u00e8rement autonome, bas\u00e9 uniquement sur l\u2019utilisation\nd\u2019\u00e9l\u00e9ments naturels du site. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>La profondeur\ndu lac oscille entre 40 centim\u00e8tres et 3 m\u00e8tres, le lac Nokou\u00e9 est un\nenvironnement peu profond id\u00e9al pour le syst\u00e8me d&rsquo;aquaculture r\u00e9cifale \u00ab&nbsp;acadja&nbsp;\u00bb.\nEn s\u2019inspirant des habitats naturels, tels que les r\u00e9cifs et les for\u00eats de\nmangrove, les Tofinu ont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 un syst\u00e8me d\u2019aquaculture, recr\u00e9ant des\nhabitats qui peuvent accueillir un \u00e9levage de poissons fonctionnant en autosuffisance\ndurant toute leur croissance. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce syst\u00e8me\nd&rsquo;aquaculture autonome permet le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019une microfaune et d\u2019algues sur\nles fagots de branchages, source de nourriture indispensable pour les poissons.\nEn outre, il attire des esp\u00e8ces qui vivent normalement dans la v\u00e9g\u00e9tation\nnaturelle des mangroves, des bords des rivi\u00e8res, des lacs de plaine inondable\net des lagunes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les p\u00eacheurs du\npeuple Tofinu ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 cr\u00e9er une forme d\u2019aquaculture exempte de pollution\npar les antibiotiques et les pesticides, en utilisant un dispositif frugal et\ncr\u00e9ant un syst\u00e8me r\u00e9cifal qui cultive sa propre nourriture. De plus, la\nproduction de ce syst\u00e8me d\u2019aquaculture autonome concurrence les rendements de\nl\u2019aquaculture moderne.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-3 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"732\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK-1-732x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1724\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/?attachment_id=1724\" class=\"wp-image-1724\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK-1-732x1024.jpg 732w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK-1-214x300.jpg 214w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK-1-768x1074.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK-1-1098x1536.jpg 1098w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK-1-1464x2048.jpg 1464w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK-1-scaled.jpg 1830w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 732px) 100vw, 732px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"810\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK2-1-810x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1725\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK2-1-scaled.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/?attachment_id=1725\" class=\"wp-image-1725\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK2-1-810x1024.jpg 810w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK2-1-237x300.jpg 237w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK2-1-768x971.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK2-1-1215x1536.jpg 1215w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK2-1-1620x2048.jpg 1620w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Livre-Lo-TEK2-1-scaled.jpg 2025w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 810px) 100vw, 810px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption\">\u00a9Lo-Tek de Julia Watson<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Une forme de pisciculture en autosuffisance<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>La p\u00eache est la\nprincipale source de revenus et d&rsquo;activit\u00e9 sur le lac, le syst\u00e8me d\u2019aquaculture\n\u00ab&nbsp;acadjas&nbsp;\u00bb contribuant \u00e0 40% des prises de poissons. Ce syst\u00e8me\nd\u2019aquaculture est bas\u00e9 sur la construction d\u2019enclos fabriqu\u00e9s \u00e0 partir de\nbranches coup\u00e9es dans les for\u00eats voisines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Il existe\nplusieurs types d\u2019acadjas qui ont \u00e9volu\u00e9 au cours des si\u00e8cles. Le premier\nsyst\u00e8me qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 mis en place s\u2019appelle l\u2019acadjavi. C\u2019est un petit parc\ncirculaire (5 \u00e0 10 m de diam\u00e8tre) uniquement constitu\u00e9 de branchages. Lorsque\nl\u2019utilisation de filets s\u2019est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralis\u00e9e, le syst\u00e8me Ava a vu le jour permettant\nainsi d\u2019agrandir la taille de l\u2019enclos. L\u2019ava est un parc rectangulaire de 4 ou\n5 ha m\u00ealant branchage, filet et bambous. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-4 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"737\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Sche\u0301ma-Acadja-1-737x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1727\" class=\"wp-image-1727\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Sche\u0301ma-Acadja-1-737x1024.jpg 737w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Sche\u0301ma-Acadja-1-216x300.jpg 216w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Sche\u0301ma-Acadja-1-768x1067.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Sche\u0301ma-Acadja-1-1105x1536.jpg 1105w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Sche\u0301ma-Acadja-1-1474x2048.jpg 1474w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Sche\u0301ma-Acadja-1.jpg 1838w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 737px) 100vw, 737px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"992\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Michael-Ezban-1024x992.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1728\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Michael-Ezban.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/?attachment_id=1728\" class=\"wp-image-1728\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Michael-Ezban-1024x992.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Michael-Ezban-300x291.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Michael-Ezban-768x744.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Michael-Ezban.jpg 1150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce syst\u00e8me de\nfagots de branchages resserr\u00e9s est implant\u00e9 dans le fond boueux des parties les\nmoins profondes du lac Nokou\u00e9. Ces branches sont des rejets de souches de 2\nm\u00e8tres de hauteur environ. Avant la plantation, les branches sont tremp\u00e9es puis\ns\u00e9ch\u00e9es pendant deux semaines pour r\u00e9duire leur flottabilit\u00e9. Ce syst\u00e8me de\nbranchage artificiel, similaire \u00e0 une for\u00eat de mangrove, fournit alors un\nhabitat protecteur et des zones d&rsquo;alimentation qui attirent la faune\nenvironnante. Un grand filet est ensuite enroul\u00e9 autour des masses de branches\npour \u00e9viter que les gros poissons ne s\u2019\u00e9chappent. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-5 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"475\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coupe-Acadja-1-1024x475.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1726\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coupe-Acadja-1-scaled.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/?attachment_id=1726\" class=\"wp-image-1726\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coupe-Acadja-1-1024x475.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coupe-Acadja-1-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coupe-Acadja-1-768x356.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coupe-Acadja-1-1536x712.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Coupe-Acadja-1-2048x949.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ce\ndispositif bas\u00e9 sur le vivant, les poissons peuvent se nourrir des d\u00e9tritus et\ndes algues provenant du bois en d\u00e9composition, de plus, ils sont prot\u00e9g\u00e9s des autres\npr\u00e9dateurs et peuvent se reproduire l\u2019int\u00e9rieur de l\u2019enclos. Les poissons sont\nensuite r\u00e9colt\u00e9s de deux fa\u00e7ons&nbsp;: soit en une seule fois apr\u00e8s douze mois,\nsoit par une p\u00eache s\u00e9lective tout au long de l&rsquo;ann\u00e9e, \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de filets dont\nles trous sont suffisamment grands pour permettre aux petits poissons de s&rsquo;\u00e9chapper.\nCeux-ci peuvent occuper le reste du lac de mani\u00e8re sauvage et fournir\nl\u2019occasion d\u2019une p\u00eache alternative. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les poissons\npr\u00e9lev\u00e9s sont commercialis\u00e9s tout au long de la p\u00e9riode de l&rsquo;exploitation mais\nsont aussi consomm\u00e9s directement par la famille des p\u00eacheurs. Ce sont\ng\u00e9n\u00e9ralement les femmes qui sont charg\u00e9es du commerce, pendant que les hommes\nr\u00e9parent les enclos en rempla\u00e7ant certains fagots d\u00e9t\u00e9rior\u00e9s. L\u2019exploitation des\nAvas rectangulaires du lac Nokou\u00e9 n\u00e9cessite beaucoup de temps et de main d&rsquo;oeuvre\n(24 personnes, 12 pirogues, 5 \u00e0 6 jours de travail).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Un syst\u00e8me fragilis\u00e9 &nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le syst\u00e8me acadja\nrepose sur un \u00e9quilibre fragile et pourtant centenaire. Depuis peu, l\u2019afflux de\nplus d&rsquo;un million de personnes dans les trois villes situ\u00e9es autour du lac et\nl\u2019utilisation croissante du syst\u00e8me acadja, met en p\u00e9ril la symbiose entre le\nmode de vie et le syst\u00e8me piscicole de la population des Tofinu autour du lac. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>D\u2019autre part, depuis que l&rsquo;UNESCO a class\u00e9 la cit\u00e9 de Ganvi\u00e9 patrimoine culturel mondial, l\u2019afflux de touristes, de plus en plus nombreux, risque de nuire au maintien d\u2019un syst\u00e8me socio-\u00e9cologique fragile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Au fil du temps, ce syst\u00e8me d&rsquo;aquaculture contribue, malgr\u00e9 lui, au comblement du lac, car les branchages qui pourrissent favorise l&rsquo;accumulation de mati\u00e8re organique, par d\u00e9composition de leurs mat\u00e9riaux constitutifs. Par ailleurs, la construction de ces parcs d&rsquo;acadja, a \u00e9galement pour effet de freiner les courants, accentuant ainsi le d\u00e9p\u00f4t de s\u00e9diments provenant des pentes des bassins versants alentour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aujourd\u2019hui ce\nsyst\u00e8me d\u2019aquaculture autonome se retrouve fragilis\u00e9 alors qu\u2019il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;une culture\ntraditionnelle int\u00e9gr\u00e9e, qui fait vivre toute une communaut\u00e9 (exploitants de\nbranchages, transporteurs, fabricants des engins de p\u00eache, main-d&rsquo;oeuvre,\np\u00eacheurs, vendeurs, etc.), formant ainsi un syst\u00e8me \u00e9conomique traditionnel complexe\nqui perdure depuis plus de quatre si\u00e8cles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery columns-1 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-6 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"678\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9jbdodane-1024x678.jpg\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"1730\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9jbdodane-scaled.jpg\" data-link=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/?attachment_id=1730\" class=\"wp-image-1730\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9jbdodane-1024x678.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9jbdodane-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9jbdodane-768x509.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9jbdodane-1536x1017.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9jbdodane-2048x1356.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Perspectives d\u2019avenir<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>La tribu des\nTofinu a r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper un mode de vie en symbiose avec son\nenvironnement&nbsp;; ils ont cr\u00e9\u00e9 des habitats adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 leur milieu et ont\nchoisi de vivre sur l\u2019eau plut\u00f4t que sur les rives. En accord avec ce style de\nvie, \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9coute des variations et transformations de leur milieu, ils ont su \u00e9laborer\nun syst\u00e8me d\u2019aquaculture autosuffisant, qui permet aux poissons de se\nd\u00e9velopper sans intervention humaine durant leurs croissances.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cette population, par\nson adaptation aux al\u00e9as climatiques et \u00e0 son environnement naturel, fournit un\nexemple de r\u00e9silience int\u00e9ressant \u00e0 \u00e9tudier, surtout lorsque l\u2019on sait qu\u2019au\ncours des trente derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es, 50% des for\u00eats de mangroves c\u00f4ti\u00e8res ont \u00e9t\u00e9\nd\u00e9truites par la construction de fermes aquacoles. Mais cet \u00e9quilibre reste\nfragile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Par ailleurs, ce syst\u00e8me piscicole a d\u00e9j\u00e0 \u00e9t\u00e9 reproduit et adapt\u00e9 dans d\u2019autres r\u00e9gions du monde aux \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes similaires. C\u2019est le cas au B\u00e9nin, dans d\u2019autres lacs saum\u00e2tres mais aussi dans des lagunes ou des \u00e9tangs d\u2019eau douce en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire ainsi qu\u2019au P\u00e9rou. Ce syst\u00e8me aquacole vertueux constitue un espoir de d\u00e9veloppement de la pisciculture rurale africaine&nbsp;: il pourrait ainsi remplacer l\u2019implantation de fermes aquacoles co\u00fbteuses et destructrices de l\u2019environnement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Fawaz-Tairou-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1729\" srcset=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Fawaz-Tairou-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Fawaz-Tairou-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Fawaz-Tairou-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Fawaz-Tairou-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Fawaz-Tairou-2048x1365.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><figcaption>\u00a9Fawaz Tairou<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pour en savoir plus&nbsp;:<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Le magnifique livre <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"Lo-TEK (s\u2019ouvre dans un nouvel onglet)\" href=\"http:\/\/\u2022\thttps:\/\/www.taschen.com\/pages\/fr\/catalogue\/architecture\/all\/04698\/facts.julia_watson_lotek_design_by_radical_indigenism.htm\" target=\"_blank\">Lo-TEK<\/a> de la paysagiste autralienne Julia Watson<\/li><li>Pierre d&rsquo;Angle &#8211; <a href=\"https:\/\/anabf.org\/pierredangle\/dossiers\/le-climat-change-quid-de-l-architecture\/la-construction-traditionnelle-sur-le-lac-nokoue-au-bnin-reconsid-rant-l-abri\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" aria-label=\"La construction traditionnelle sur le lac Nokou\u00e9 (s\u2019ouvre dans un nouvel onglet)\">La construction traditionnelle sur le lac Nokou\u00e9<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Autour du lac Nokou\u00e9, au sud du B\u00e9nin, la tribu des Tofinu vit sur l\u2019eau depuis plus de quatre si\u00e8cles. Cette communaut\u00e9 a su d\u00e9velopper un mode de vie en symbiose avec son milieu, en construisant des habitats flottants qui s\u2019adaptent aux variations de l\u2019eau, mais \u00e9galement en cr\u00e9ant un syst\u00e8me d\u2019aquaculture autonome, les \u00ab acadja \u00bb.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":27,"featured_media":1697,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1695","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>La communaut\u00e9 des Tofinu et le syst\u00e8me des acadja<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/la-communaute-des-tofinu-et-le-systeme-des-acadja\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La communaut\u00e9 des Tofinu et le syst\u00e8me des acadja\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Autour du lac Nokou\u00e9, au sud du B\u00e9nin, la tribu des Tofinu vit sur l\u2019eau depuis plus de quatre si\u00e8cles. Cette communaut\u00e9 a su d\u00e9velopper un mode de vie en symbiose avec son milieu, en construisant des habitats flottants qui s\u2019adaptent aux variations de l\u2019eau, mais \u00e9galement en cr\u00e9ant un syst\u00e8me d\u2019aquaculture autonome, les \u00ab acadja \u00bb.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/la-communaute-des-tofinu-et-le-systeme-des-acadja\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Atelier Klima\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-05-13T15:29:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-03-15T10:52:33+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/tatataaaaa.com\/newklima\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/\u00a9Iwan-Baan.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1666\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"937\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" 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